Language Development in early childhood

Language Development in early childhood Introduction Language development refers to the process of deliberate communication using sounds, gestures, or symbols which can be understood by other people (Machado, 1985). Language is double perspectives process which forms the basis for other forms of learning. These two aspects include communicating information, and listening to others (Training Module, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Development in early childhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Existing theories acknowledge early childhood as a period during which physical and cognitive developmental processes occur rapidly. These developments form the basis upon which personal success will depend. Language development is one such process that fully depends on the factors presented during this phase of personal growth (Otto, 2010). Stages Language development Children undergo various stages in their acquisition of language skills. The followi ng phases depicts a typical sequences through which the skills develops, although their are diversities in the pattern of growth from child to child (Corporation for National Services [CNS], U.S. Department of Education, U.S. department of Health and Human Services, 1997, cited in Training Module, 2007). Stage 1: concerns a newborn, whereby it responds to sounds including voices through cries, smiles and coos. Stage 2: concern infant aged between 3 to 8 months; the time during which he or she begins to play with sounds, as well as babbling to others in conjunction to self. Also, in this stage language development is expressed through the waving of arms and kicking of legs. Stage 3: concerns children aged between 8 to 12 months and she or he understands and can react to basic words and signs. Stage 4: deals with children of age 12 to 18 months, the period during which a normal child starts to utter basic words and to follow very basic instructions. In addition, a normal child kn ows its name, and can chatter with a sequence of syllables that mimic expressions. Stage 5: concerns children aged between 18 to 24 months old; the level at which a child can construct two-word phrases, and imitate words and gestures of the grown-ups. It can also ask as well as answer general queries. Promoting child language development The process of promoting language development in children must take into consideration the development stage of the child. The following are some of the ways through which a child’s parent or caregiver can promote language development pertaining to the stage of development (Training Module, 2007). Newborn: Reaction to the child’s cries indicates to the child that s/he can communicate something to you and get a response (Lagoni et al, 1989, cited in Training Module, 2007). 3 to 8 months: it is encouraged that during this stage, the child’s custodian sings to the child while changing his or her diaper. Also, it has been discove red that playing peek-a-boo to the infant enhance language development (CNS et al., cited in Training Module, 2007). Also, the caregiver or parent is encouraged to describe daily routines to the child while performing them (Machado, 1985). 8 to 12 months: During this stage it is commended that the parent or caregiver uses the baby’s name repeatedly, perhaps by incorporating the name in simple rhythmical expressions or songs so that she or he can start to recognize it. , (CNS et al., 1997, cited in Training Module, 2007). Also, Machado (1985) recommends giving names to the toys, foods, and other objects surrounding the child. 12 to 18 months: caregiver is advised to entice the child to converse on a toy telephone (CNS et al., 1997, cited in Training Module, 2007). Also, caregiver or parent should present rhymes and finger games to the child (Lagoni et al., 1989, cited in Training Module, 2007). 18 to 24 months: during this stage parent or caregiver is encouraged to talk about the previous day’s events, and what will transpire the next day. Concepts of child language development There are five concepts of language development which emerge in children’s receptive and communicative language processes. The receptive language skills maturity precedes and lay the foundation for the development of expressive language process. The following paragraphs will explore these concepts of language development in children (Otto, 2010). To begin with, the phonetic development in toddlerhood involves their ability to express their viewpoints, and constructions of phonemes. Phonemes refers to â€Å"a speech sound that distinguishes one word from another, e.g. the sounds d and t in the words bid and bit. A phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit that can carry meaning† [Encarta Dictionary]. This concept of language development begins to express during toddlerhood when she or he begins to articulate a range of terms. At first, the child’s pronunci ation is unsteadily characterized with day to day variations, and in some cases shorter intervals. In addition, some variations have been observed between children in regard of the mastering of certain syllable (Otto, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, semantic language development in infancy entails initial connection of speech to meaning, conception and receptive semantic ability, direct and vivid events, symbol development signifying speech, and expressive semantic ability. On the other hand, the concept of semantic language development presents between the age 1 and 2. At this stage, the toddler possesses a range of 20 to 170 terms in his or her useful vocabulary. Semantic development depicts variation from child to child depending on their respective familial experiences and background. While the child’s language will undergo gradual transition wi th age, the idiomorphs will still be retained in the child’s verbal expressions. In their hyperactive exploration of their environment, toddlers discover the identity of people and objects (Otto, 2010). Furthermore, semantic understanding of toddles and arising literacy, increasingly progress during the toddler stage of a child’s language development process. Also, the child consciousness of environmental features and meaning, like stop signs, brand on food packets, and McDonalds’s logos increases. This consciousness of written symbols is normally expressed in their behaviors with inscribed materials within their familial environment (Otto, 2010). Thirdly, the concept of syntactic language development on infants concerns the syntactic understanding and story book experiences. Conventionally, infants who are engaged in story book experiences with parent or caregiver get exposed to more complex syntactic arrangement relative those involved in routine conversationa l environment. Noteworthy, as infants approach age 1, their verbal and non-verbal participation increase. On the other side, syntactic learning development in toddlers involves syntactic organization in telegraphic speech, mastering of pronouns, and emergent literacy coupled with syntactic ability (Otto, 2010). Fourthly, the concept of morphemic language development in infants is influenced by phonemic ability. Development of morphemic understanding is dependent upon the skill to identify sound differences related with inflectional morphemes such as; tense indicators, plurals, and possessiveness. Thus, receptive understanding of the meaning transforming features of morphemic develops with the experiences of spoken and read language. In addition, the development of morphemes skill gets clearer when toddlers start to exercise language. This stage is significant in development of morphemic understanding in regard that noun verb compatibility in English impact on the use of inflectional morphemes (Otto, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Development in early childhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Language development in children is largely dependent on the characteristic of the environment within which the child grows. Experiences of a child determine the rate at which a child develops language skills. The degree of parent or caregiver interaction with a child plays a very significant role in a child language development. Also, health issues can slow a child language understanding. Reference List Otto, B. W. (2010) Language Development in Early Childhood Education (3rd Edition).Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Machado, J. M. (2010). Early childhood experiences in language arts: early literacy. Belmont, U.S.; Cengage learning. Training Module. (2007). Language Development of Infants and Toddlers. HighReach learning

Presidential Power and rthe Modern Presidents A Critical Review essays

Presidential Power and rthe Modern Presidents A Critical Review essays Many scholars and academics have claimed that Richard Neustadt's book Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents, a brilliant and insightful commentary on not only the workings of the office of the president but also the pitfalls any president can encounter as well as the way personality and leadership fit into the making of a president. In short, Neustadt almost gives us a model for what a president must be and what he must and must not do. He relives decisions and actions made by past presidents that have affected presidential leadership and power. It is easy to see why many attribute this book the status that it well deserves. It is easy to see why Kennedy reportedly kept a copy of the first edition of this book with him in the oval office. This book is a classic introspective study of the presidency that is unparalleled in quality. For the most part, Neustadt does not look at presidents individually. Rather he takes situations that relate to his arguments and discusses how different presidents or depending on the situation a certain president dealt with that situation. He begins with what he calls three cases of command that he falls back on continuously through the work. He uses Truman's tenuous relationship and eventual dismissal of MacArthur, the decision of Eisenhower to use troops to enforce integration of schools in Arkansas, and the seizure of the steel industry by Truman. He repeatedly refers to the first two of these but uses the latter very little to illustrate his points after initial discussion. The basic structure is very effective because it provides for a study of the presidency as an institution, not a study of presidents. Neustadt does not underemphasize the role that personality and style plays in term of each president. He uses it to support many of his assertions. He correctly points out that personality and style contributes to all aspects of how any man serves as president but ...

The drivers of Taiwan's economic growth between 1949-1990 Thesis

The drivers of Taiwan's economic growth between 1949-1990 - Thesis Example There was nothing supernatural about them. These include the reason for the US aid, the training of the workers for the German optical lens factory and the infrastructure development by Japan to support its war efforts. In addition to these existing benefits, the decisions and actions of the policy makers fetched the unexpected results. While they formulated the policies they themselves were unsure of the consequences. Reforms were made in every sector and most importantly the policies were reviewed with changes in the business environment. Government intervention was gradually reduced as the economy matured. However, two factors that developing nations should be cautious of, include environmental degradation that comes with economic growth and unhealthy nationalism. Besides, it is not possible to replicate the strategy that Taiwan followed as not every country has the same endowments such as natural resources and human capital. Taiwan could experience growth because of the endogenou s factors. Local factors have tremendous influence on growth and progress and this is evident from the case of Taiwan. The study concludes that the economic growth in Taiwan was the unintended result of innumerable efforts. Table of Contents CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Motivation for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Organization of the study 3 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Economic Growth Theories and models 5 2.3 Economic and Social Growth relationship 8 2.4 Social Capital 8 2.5 Measures of Progress 9 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11 3.1 Research Philosophy 11 3.2 Research Phenomenon 11 3.3 Research Design 11 3.4 Research Strategy 12 3.5 Justification for use of Secondary Data 13 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS 15 4.1 Role of Chiang Kai-shek and KMT 15 4.2 Factors of Growth 15 4.3 Stages of development 16 4.4 Land reforms 17 4.5 Export-led growth 18 4.6 Government intervention 19 4.7 Financial reforms 20 4.8 Existing technology 20 4. 9 Supporting the Private Sector 21 4.10 Educational reforms 22 4.11 Foreign aid 23 4.12 Infra structure development 23 4.13 Miracle or unintended results of human efforts 25 4.14 Lessons for Developing Nations 26 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Recommendations 31 References 32 Tables and Figures Figure: 2.1 Stages of Modernization 7 Table 4.1 Measurement of Economic Performance 25 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Economy and society are interlinked; the growth of a nation or its economy depends upon the political factors but more importantly the social factors. This is because the society or the people of the society form the regulations and the strategies, which are again based on the demands of the common people, on the needs of the society and on the growth prospects of the nation. In other words, economic growth impacts the society in every respect. This has been endorsed by Blair and Carroll (2008) that social relationships networks can shap e local economies. The societal factors can be held responsible for the closure of plants and manufacturing units in one region and opening of some units in another region. Again, if the economy is not doing well, unemployment rises which forces people to migrate to other regions. The regions where these people migrate need manpower because they have shortage of unskilled labor or they prefer to employ cheap migrant labor. Hence, in all